Ancient Architecture

Present day Yemen is home to some of the oldest and most impressive architectural feats in the Arabian Peninsula. From the temples of ancient kingdoms to towering mudbrick cities, Yemen’s architectural heritage reflects a rich history of engineering and trade. Listed below are some famous examples of ancient Yemeni architecture, a few of which still stand today showing the hard work and expertise of early civilizations.

— Veda M.

The Temple of Awam (Marib) – ca. 8th century BCE

Civilization: Sabaean Kingdom
Location: Marib Governorate, eastern Yemen

The Awam Temple, also known as the Mahram Bilqis (Sanctuary of the Queen of Sheba), was one of the most sacred sites in the ancient Sabaean kingdom. Built to honor the moon god Almaqah, the temple includes massive limestone walls and a grand oval-shaped enclosure. It served as both a religious center and a royal cemetery.

Dam of Marib – First constructed ca. 7th century BCE

Civilization: Sabaean (the Himyarite later as well)
Location: Marib Governorate, eastern Yemen

 

The Great Dam of Marib stands as a testament to ancient hydraulic engineering. Stretching over 580 meters, this massive structure transformed an arid desert into a thriving agricultural center. By controlling the seasonal floods, it allowed for the irrigation of vast farmlands, supporting the prosperity of the Sabaean and later Himyarite kingdoms. For over a thousand years, the dam was carefully maintained and rebuilt, showcasing the early mastery of water management in Yemen.

Ghumdan Palace – Origins ca. 1st century CE (possibly earlier)

Civilization: Himyarite
 Location: Old City of Sana'a, Yemen

 

Ghumdan Palace was said to be one of the most legendary structures in ancient Yemen. It was a multi-story royal residence built by the Himyarite kings at the heart of Old Sana’a. According to medieval Islamic sources, it may have stood 20 stories high, featuring lavish designs and construction using engineering ahead of its time.

Over the centuries, the palace has become associated with grandeur of the past and mystery. Fearing its strategic and symbolic power, Caliph Uthman supposedly ordered its destruction in the 7th century CE. Although the original palace no longer exists, its foundations are believed to lie beneath the current Great Mosque of Sana’a. 

Shibam Hadramawt – Origins ca. 3rd century CE, current build from 16th century

Civilization: Himyarite roots (Islamic-era development)
 Location: Hadramawt Governorate

 

Also called the "Manhattan of the Desert," Shibam is famous for its high-rise mudbrick towers, some reaching up to 11 stories. While the city as it appears today was developed in the 16th century, it is built on the foundations of an ancient Himyarite settlement. This city showcases ancient Yemeni prowess in vertical urban planning and feats of engineering.